2022考研英语备考：阅读中错误选项的部分特征总结

在考研英语阅读当中，正确选项往往都具有一些共同的语言特征，我们称之为命题点。反之，错误选项也会体现出一些共同的特征，我们总结出这一特征，可以帮助基础较弱的同学在看不懂文章的情况下，对选项进行基本的排除，可以在一定程度上提高做题的正确率。

一、太过肯定或太过否定的表达

考研英语阅读选用的是西方核心报刊杂志的学术性议论文，因为学术性这一性质，文章表达的内容都相对客观以及理性，不会出现有失偏颇的观点，即不会太过，肯定也不会太过否定，万事留有余地。所以，当选项当中出现太过于肯定或者太过于否定的表达，如果文章当中没有明确表明的话，大概率是一个错误选项。

举例：(2018年英语二text4)

Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you reprioritize your day – in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day.

While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.

37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that .

A. students are hardly motivated by monthly goals

B. detailed plans may not be as fruitful as expected

C. distractions may actually increase efficiency

D. daily schedules are indispensable to studying

解析：该题根据第二段第一句，可得出正确答案为B。错误选项中，D选项意为：日常计划对于学习而言不可或缺。其中“不可或缺”这一表意太过绝对，大概率可判断为错误选项。

二、偷换概念(偷换中心词)

阅读当中错误选项还有一个特点，就是喜欢偷换概念。之前我们讲过偷换概念的一种形式，就是扩大表述范围。但这次讲的偷换概念，指的是偷换中心词。比如，原文中表述：小明喜欢吃草莓味的饼干。此时某个选项中就可能表述为：小明喜欢吃草莓味的糖果。虽然都是草莓味，但是中心词已经由饼干变成了糖果，这是完全不一样的。

举例：(2012年英语一text4)

Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.

39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions

[A]often run against the current political system.

[B]can change people’s political attitudes.

[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.

[D]are dominant in the government.

解析：该题由第一段第一句以及第二段第一句可知，正确答案为C。而错误选项中，A、B都为偷换概念。原文中二段首句中出现了politician政客，而A、B中分别出现了political system政治体系、political attitudes政治态度，三者都与政治有关，但是中心词却分别为人、体系、态度，截然不同。

三、“interest”

这一词表示的是“兴趣”，偶尔会出现在选项当中，近几年来出现该单词的选项，都是一个错误选项。因为兴趣代表着人的主观判断，主观性是比较强的，如果文中没有明确表示某人对某事物是否有兴趣，则该选项就会变成主观臆断。命题人利用的就是看不懂文章的同学的猜测心理，让同学们想“他应该是对这个事物有兴趣吧?”而其实文章并没有明确表示。

举例：(2013年英语一text1)

Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.

24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.

[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.

[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.

[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.

解析：该题由该段末句可知，正确答案为D。错误选项中，C选项意为：人们对买不起的衣服更感兴趣，而原文中并没有提及人们是否对此感兴趣，因此该选项为主观臆断。

(2013年英语一text3)

Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.

33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?

[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.

[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.

[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.

[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.

解析：该题由首句可知，正确答案为D。错误选项中，选项C意为：(人们)对科幻小说的兴趣正在上升。而原文中并没有提及人们是否对此感兴趣，因此该选项为主观臆断。

这些特征仅仅是通过多年试题情况的大数据而言，并不是今后出现该特征的选项一定是错误选项，而是可以让同学们把这些特征作为看不懂文章时排除选项的下下策，希望能对同学们有所帮助。